What aspect of deviance seeks to explain why certain acts become criminalized and others do not?

Labeling theory is focused on understanding how societal reactions to certain behaviors lead to the classification of those behaviors as deviant or criminal. This theory posits that deviance is not inherent in the act itself, but rather is a result of the social response to the act. Essentially, when an individual is labeled as deviant, this label can become a significant part of their identity, influencing their future behavior and how society interacts with them.

In labeling theory, the process of criminalization involves the power dynamics at play in society, where certain groups may have the authority to define what is considered deviant behavior based on social norms, morals, and laws. This perspective highlights that the social context, including factors such as race, class, and status, can determine which acts are viewed as deviant and subjected to criminalization. Thus, the central focus is on the role of labels assigned by society and the implications of these labels on individuals and their actions.

This theory contrasts with other explanations of deviance, which may focus on the characteristics of the deviant individual, the groups they belong to, or how they learn deviant behaviors from their environments. Labeling theory emphasizes the significance of societal perception and the consequences that arise from being labeled as deviant,