What biological perspective theory suggests the skull shapes of deviant individuals differ from nondeviants?

The theory that posits that the skull shapes of deviant individuals differ from those of nondeviants is rooted in phrenology. Phrenology, developed in the early 19th century, asserts that the shape and contours of the skull can provide insight into an individual's personality traits, behaviors, and criminal tendencies. Proponents of this theory believed that certain cranial shapes were indicative of a predisposition toward deviance or criminal behavior.

Phrenologists would often measure specific areas of the skull and make interpretations based on these measurements, suggesting that a more protruded area might signify a greater likelihood of criminality. This perspective was part of a broader trend in biological determinism, where physical attributes were thought to correlate with behavioral propensities.

The incorrect options stem from different theoretical frameworks. Atavism, for instance, is linked to the idea that criminals are evolutionary throwbacks to earlier stages of human development, rather than focusing solely on skull shapes. Criminal anthropology takes a broader approach, examining social, cultural, and environmental factors in conjunction with biological ones. Physiognomy relates to interpreting a person's character from their outward appearance, particularly facial features, rather than specific skeletal or cranial characteristics. Together, these theories illustrate the historical context of how