Which of the following is defined as an act punishable by law?

The correct answer is crime, which refers specifically to behaviors that violate legal statutes and are punishable by the state. In sociology, crime is recognized as not just a wrongdoing but a social construct defined by laws that vary across time and cultures. Actions categorized as crimes can range from minor infractions, such as traffic violations, to severe offenses like robbery or murder, all of which lead to penalties defined by legal systems.

Understanding crime is essential in sociology because it helps to analyze how laws reflect societal norms and values, and it highlights the consequences of deviant behavior within social structures. The concept of crime also encompasses the role of law enforcement, the legal system, and rehabilitation within society, making it a central focus in discussions about social order and control.