Which perspective argues that racism arises from the competition between dominant and submissive groups?

The conflict perspective is rooted in the understanding that society is composed of different groups that are in competition for resources, power, and status. This perspective emphasizes the role of social conflict in shaping social structures and relationships. When it comes to racism, the conflict perspective suggests that dominant groups may exploit and oppress subordinate groups as a way to maintain their power and resources.

Racism, in this view, can be understood as a tool used by the dominant group to justify their superiority and to keep subordinate groups in a disadvantaged position. This competition can lead to an environment where racial prejudices and discriminatory practices are heightened, further entrenching systemic inequalities. Thus, racism is viewed not merely as an individual bias but as a systemic issue that arises from the tensions and power dynamics among competing groups in society.

In contrast, social constructionism focuses on how societal norms and categories are created and maintained, the functional perspective looks at how different elements of society function together to maintain stability, and cultural relativism emphasizes understanding cultural practices within their own context without judgment. These frameworks do not center on the inherent competition and conflict between groups as the source of racism, which is why the conflict perspective stands out as the correct answer.