Which term refers to the legitimate and illegitimate means of achieving societal goals, influenced by race, gender, and social groups?

The term that refers to the legitimate and illegitimate means of achieving societal goals, influenced by race, gender, and social groups, is known as Differential Opportunity Theory. This theory, developed by Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin, posits that individuals in different social environments have varying access to both legitimate and illegitimate means of success. According to this theory, not everyone has the same opportunities due to systemic inequalities, which are influenced by factors such as race and gender.

For instance, some individuals may resort to criminal behavior as a means to achieve societal goals if they perceive that legitimate pathways (like higher education or stable jobs) are blocked due to their social background. This understanding showcases how societal structures can affect personal opportunities and behaviors in the context of achieving success. Hence, this theory provides a framework for analyzing the disparities in access to opportunities and the subsequent choices people make based on those differences.